GETCWD(3)

NAME
getcwd, get_current_dir_name, getwd - Get current working directory

SYNOPSIS
#include <unistd.h>

char *getcwd(char *buf, size_t size);

#define _BSD_SOURCE     /* Or: #define _XOPEN_SOURCE 500 */
#include <unistd.h>

char *getwd(char *buf);

#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <unistd.h>

char *get_current_dir_name(void);

DESCRIPTION
The getcwd() function copies an absolute pathname of the current working directory to the array pointed to by buf, which is of length size.

If the current absolute pathname would require a buffer longer than size elements, NULL is returned, and errno is set to ERANGE; an application should check for this error, and allocate a larger buffer if necessary.

If buf is NULL, the behaviour of getcwd() is undefined.

As an extension to the POSIX.1-2001 standard, Linux (libc4, libc5, glibc) getcwd() allocates the buffer dynamically using malloc(3) if buf is NULL on call. In this case, the allocated buffer has the length size unless size is zero, when buf is allocated as big as necessary. It is possible (and, indeed, advisable) to free(3) the buffers if they have been obtained this way. get_current_dir_name(), will malloc(3) an array big enough to hold the current directory name. If the environment variable PWD is set, and its value is correct, then that value will be returned. getwd(), does not malloc(3) any memory. The buf argument should be a pointer to an array at least PATH_MAX bytes long. getwd() does only return the first PATH_MAX bytes of the actual pathname. Note that PATH_MAX need not be a compile-time constant; it may depend on the filesystem and may even be unlimited. For portability and security reasons, use of getwd() is deprecated.

RETURN VALUE
NULL on failure with errno set accordingly, and buf on success. The contents of the array pointed to by buf is undefined on error.

ERRORS

EACCES
    Permission to read or search a component of the filename was denied.

EFAULT
    buf points to a bad address.

EINVAL
    The size argument is zero and buf is not a null pointer.

ENOENT
    The current working directory has been unlinked.

ERANGE
    The size argument is less than the length of the working directory name. You need to allocate a bigger array and try again.

NOTES
Under Linux, the function getcwd() is a system call (since 2.1.92). On older systems it would query /proc/self/cwd. If both system call and proc file system are missing, a generic implementation is called. Only in that case can these calls fail under Linux with EACCES.

These functions are often used to save the location of the current working directory for the purpose of returning to it later. Opening the current directory (".") and calling fchdir(2) to return is usually a faster and more reliable alternative when sufficiently many file descriptors are available, especially on platforms other than Linux.

CONFORMING TO
getcwd() conforms to POSIX.1-2001. getwd() is present in POSIX.1-2001, but marked LEGACY. get_current_dir_name() is a GNU extension.

SEE ALSO
chdir(2), fchdir(2), open(2), unlink(2), free(3), malloc(3), feature_test_macros(7)